Free Ebook , by Dr Andrew H Thomas
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, by Dr Andrew H Thomas
Free Ebook , by Dr Andrew H Thomas
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Product details
File Size: 4367 KB
Print Length: 187 pages
Simultaneous Device Usage: Unlimited
Publication Date: February 17, 2017
Sold by: Amazon Digital Services LLC
Language: English
ASIN: B06X3Z3JYX
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Dr. Thomas is building up a delightful corpus of books on various problems in physics and cosmology all centered around the theme of finding solutions based on new ways of looking at what we already know. In this book, the focus is the fine tuning of the cosmological settings, the various dimensionless numbers that represent ratios between forces and weights that underlie the specific nature and physical stability of the cosmos. The particular settings we find in our universe produce conditions that make it possible for life (and consciousness) to emerge in pockets where local conditions happen to be particularly favorable. Not every star has planets capable of supporting life, but however few or many of these stars there are, if the various forces and constants of universe (gravity, electromagnetism, the strong and weak nuclear forces, and the cosmological constant in particular) had come out differently there wouldn't be any life sustaining conditions anywhere.He begins with a look at the numbers at issue, and then moves on to various sorts of explanations and pseudo-explanations like "the anthropic principle" and the multiverse. Moving from the cosmological to the more local, the appearance of life on planets, he covers a methodology, Bayesian inference in probability theory that he suggests will help us decide if there was fine tuning (or at least the appearance of fine tuning) or if life is so common that a variety of force settings and local conditions might accommodate it. He concludes here that the "life sustaining" conditions we know locally (Earth being in the sun's "Goldilocks zone", the sun being in the galaxy's best zone for stable long lived stars) at the local level do seem rather lucky.Returning to the larger theme of the cosmological constants Dr. Thomas tells us that the right way to look at the underlying physics of the universe is Quantum Field Theory (QFT) and in particular the "field view" (credit Paul Dirac) of QFT. The "field view" allows us to describe quantum behavior that appears mysterious in traditional QM. The first QFT chapter discuss the difference between the four most fundamental forces viewed as fields pervading the entire universe. In the second QFT chapter he turns to the particle view of QFT (credit Richard Feynman) because, Thomas explains, it is easier to describe. He gives a good explanation of Feynman diagrams including how they are used to calculate quantum probabilities incorporating all the behaviors accommodated by the field view. This is the nicest explanation of this process I've seen in a lay book. Thomas then examines the idea of "naturalness" and what physics would be like if all the forces had the same values. The universe would fall out of the laws alone there being no "special numbers" to plug into the equations. This is a key idea for him because it turns out there was a time when this was the case, the "Planck Era" literally the first Planck time following the big bang.In his last chapter, Thomas shifts to explaining just one of the present "great mysteries" of physics, why gravity is so weak compared to the other 3 forces. He reviews alternative explanations (string theory, super-symmetry, and the role of inflation) and then proposes one of his own that is simpler and avoids problems with the alternatives; a solution "in plain sight". He begins by assuming that the forces, once set, have not changed. In his view, in the first Planck-time the four forces were perfectly unified but gravity separated from the other three at a higher temperature 10^19 deg. K while the others broke apart a few planck-times later at roughly 10^17 deg. K (strong nuclear force) and 10^16 deg. K (electromagnetism and weak nuclear force). This has consequences due to the kinetic energy difference of the entire mass-energy constituents of the universe between those temperatures. In effect, as the universe cooled, it became lighter. It retained all the "rest mass" it had in the "Planck Era" (that first Planck-time), but the kinetic energy of that mass keeps falling as the universe expands and cools making the universe as a whole progressively lighter (thanks to E=mc^2 because m=E/c^2 so as kinetic energy drops, m gets smaller).Although a great solution to the question of the strength of gravity compared to the other forces, it still doesn't answer the question of why any of the forces have precisely the values they do. Why did gravity separate at 10^19 and not a little higher or lower? Why did the other three forces separate where they did and not a bit higher or lower? Thomas' hypothesis accounts for the ratios between the forces, but not their absolute values. He says as much and notes that it may never be possible to know exactly why the separations occurred exactly where they did. For one reason or another, it seems we do live in a special universe.An easy read, well written, another brick in the edifice Dr. Thomas seems to be weaving through his now 7 "Hidden in Plain Sight" books.
There is quite a lot of ground covered in the a rather short book. The question of whether the universe is "finely tuned" to support life seems to be an unequivocal Yes, although the reason why that is so remains unanswered. The book by Andrew Thomas seems to suggest that the universe simply hast to be the way it is out of logical necessity, although the details are left as an exercise for the reader, as my college textbooks used to say.The book starts out with brief explanations of the weak and strong anthropic principle. The weak version is a tautology that explains why intelligent organisms – such as us – are found on Earth instead of, say, in the center of the galaxy, a place totally inhospitable to any kind of life, intelligent or otherwise.. The strong version tries to explain why any life is found in this universe, given the "improbability" that six universal physical constants have to be within ridiculously tight ranges of values for there to be any chance of life. Some authors conclude that there must be an infinite number of "other" universes in order for that to happen. Thank you, Dr. Thomas, for NOT falling into that lazy trap. [The only way for the constants to be "improbable" in the first place is to presuppose the existence of other universes with randomly-generated constants. Thus that argument for a multiverse based on "fine tuning" is circular logic.]Dr. Thomas covers Bayes' Theorem pretty well, although I'm not sure exactly why he covered that topic, as it doesn't add anything to the premise of the book, which is that the physical laws and their constants are not random, thus probability cannot be used to explain them. [I've read other authors, who use a pseudo-bayesian analysis to justify a multiverse, but again, one must presuppose the existences of multiple universes in order to define the conditional probability P(L|M) in the Bayes' formula, i.e. the probability of complex life GIVEN that a multiverse already exists. Of course this makes the entire argument circular. I commend Dr. Thomas for not following the herd of physicists who committed the logical fallacy of Appeal to Ignorance by stating we must live in a "bubble universe" simply because we don't have any other explanation for why we're here.]The book goes on to present the Drake Equation, quantum field theory, quantum mechanics, Hilbert and Fock spaces, Feynman diagrams, string theory and more. Wow! Quite a range of topics indeed, and well explained. It turns out that the key to explaining the apparent fine-tuning has to do with the weakness of gravity compared to the other three physical constants when they are expressed in natural units. At least that's what Dr. Thomas believes, and he could be right. But as I said before, the details were left as an exercise for the reader. Maybe the solution will be given in "Hidden in Plain Sight 8."This is a fine book. It's short an to the point, but I wish it went further, so let this reader try to complete the exercise. Dr. Thomas describes the hierarchy problem as a huge order-of-magnitude difference in two dimensionless constants that both have to be within very narrow ranges for stars, chemistry and life to exist. He goes on to explain that in its initial state, all forces and particles were indistinguishable because the temperature was on the order of 10^32 Kelvin. Due to their enormous energies, the effective masses of the elementary particles approached the Planck mass, making the gravitational attraction between two electrons on a par with their electric repulsion. Thus, there was no hierarchy problem in the universe in its initial state. However, as the universe expanded and cooled, the energies and masses of the particles reduced by many orders of magnitude. Where did all that mass-energy go? The key is that gravity also reduced because the particles were less massive and farther apart. The thing to remember is that gravitational energy is negative, so as total mass-energy became less positive, total gravitational energy became less negative by precisely the same amount. The constant G has a value that assures that the reduction in positive mass-energy is precisely canceled by a weakening negative gravitational energy. The reason there is a “hierarchy problem†is simply to conserve energy. At least that's my interpretation. More about it here: https://sites.google.com/site/amateurscientistessays/
I have read several books by Andrew Thomas and as always he never disappoints you.In this particular work, Thomas tells you the story of the construction of the atomic bomb but with a twist (a bonus track): how much and how little the guys who did it knew about it. They knew the physics (obviously) but they didn't know what was going to happen with the stuff. Everyone would want to have one in the locker. Just in case. And that was a big issue. In fact, it is. So...Thomas illustrates the book with a whole package of anecdotes and stories that enhance the possibilities of the book. He does not artificially lengthen the story. Far from that. The book is short enough to be read in a day so the secret is not only the bomb, is how to tell the tale. The book has several photographs and links for you to see including some videos in You Tube (even one starred by the author himself).In a phrase: the book is entertained. You want to finish it and also you want not to. Sounds like a cliché but it's true. You are not to going to forget some passages and images, believe me. Some are remarkable.And for the recipe to build the bomb and all that jazz, I'm not the guy, Thomas is.More than the money you need the time. And not so much.A very, very good book. And now I'm expecting the next one. I'm sure it will be (like this) a five star work.
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